3.4 Additional Models

Beta, Weibull, and Pareto distributions

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Why These Distributions Matter

Three Powerful Continuous Models

The Beta, Weibull, and Pareto distributions complete your toolkit for continuous probability. Each serves a distinct purpose and appears regularly on Exam P.

Where You'll See Them

Beta Distribution

Models proportions, percentages, and probabilities themselves. Test pass rates, market shares, batting averages — any quantity constrained to [0, 1].

Weibull Distribution

The workhorse of reliability engineering. Models equipment failure times with flexible failure rates: increasing (wear-out), decreasing (burn-in), or constant (Exponential).

Pareto Distribution

The heavy-tailed distribution behind the “80/20 rule.” Essential for insurance claim modeling, income distributions, and any situation where extreme values dominate.

Connections to What You Know

• Beta(1,1) = Uniform(0,1) — the simplest Beta is the Uniform!

• Weibull(k=1, λ) = Exponential(1/λ) — the Exponential is a special Weibull

• If X ~ Pareto(α, θ), then ln(1 + X/θ) ~ Exponential(α)